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<title>Southern Netherlands</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Netherlands</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of a series on the</div></th>

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<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of <span class="fn org label">Belgium</span></a></th>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_Belgium#Celtic_and_Roman_periods" title="History of Belgium">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, <a href="Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a> & <a href="Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ~51 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 58–50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Ambiorix's_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 54–53 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Roman rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 51 BC–c.500 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_Belgium#Early_Middle_Ages" title="History of Belgium">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1789</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_Belgium#13th–16th_centuries" title="History of Belgium">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Franco-Flemish_War" title="Franco-Flemish War">Franco-Flemish War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1297–1305</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1384–1482</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Wars_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Wars of Liège">Wars of Liège</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1465–68</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1482–1556</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 15th–16th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1556–1714</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1549–81</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Eighty_Years'_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch Revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1568–1648</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • </td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1714–93</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–90</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–91</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="French_period" title="French period">French rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1815</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Dutch rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815–30</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–31</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Reign of Leopold I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–65</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Reign of Leopold II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="First_School_War" title="First School War">School War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–84</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1885–1908</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">20th and 21st centuries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1908–60</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Reign of Albert I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1909–34</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–18</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Atrocities</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–18</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1922–62</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Reign of Leopold III</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1934–51</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–45</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1940–44</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Holocaust</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1941–44</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Royal_question" title="Royal question">Royal Question</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1944–50</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Reign of Baudouin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1951–93</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Reign of Albert II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1993–2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Reign of Philippe</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013~</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<a href="Timeline_of_Belgian_history" title="Timeline of Belgian history">Timeline</a> • <a href="Military_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Belgium">Military</a> • <a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Jewish history</a> • <a href="LGBT_history_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Belgium">LGBT</a><br><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ABelgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="South_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="South Netherlands">South Netherlands</a>.</div>

<p>The <b>Southern Netherlands</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-foreign-names_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign-names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called the <b>Catholic Netherlands</b>, were the parts of the <a href="Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> belonging to the <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> which were at first largely controlled by <a href="Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> (<a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, 1556–1714) and later by the <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Habsburgs (<a href="Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, 1714–1794) until occupied and annexed by <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary France</a> (1794–1815).

</p><p>The region also included a number of smaller states that were never ruled by Spain or Austria: the <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>, the <a href="Imperial_Abbey_of_Stavelot-Malmedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy">Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy</a>, the <a href="County_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Bouillon">County of Bouillon</a>, the <a href="County_of_Horne" title="County of Horne">County of Horne</a> and the <a href="Thorn_Abbey" title="Thorn Abbey">Princely Abbey of Thorn</a>.

</p>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The (Habsburgs') Low Countries (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1515 –1715; including <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="Principality_of_Stavelot-Malmedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy">Stavelot-Malmedy</a> and <a href="County_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Bouillon">Bouillon</a>), the border between the Northern Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands is marked in red.<br><i><b>Note</b></i> that Upper Guelders (<i>south</i> of the main area of Guelders in Netherlands, and east of the Duchy of Brabant, in light yellow) was mistakenly left <i>white</i> on this map</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Catholic Belgium" (<a href="Tobias_Mayer" title="Tobias Mayer">Tobias Mayer</a>, 1747); including United Provinces–controlled <a href="Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a> and territories which fell to the <a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> in 1659–1678 while excluding the <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>.</div></div></div></div></div>

<p>The Southern Netherlands comprised most of modern-day <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, small parts of the modern <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (the <a href="Upper_Guelders" title="Upper Guelders">Upper Guelders</a> region, as well as the <a href="Bitburg" title="Bitburg">Bitburg</a> area in Germany, then part of Luxembourg), in addition to (until 1678) most of the present <a href="Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a> region, and <a href="Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a> area in northern <a href="France" title="France">France</a>. The (southern) Upper Guelders region consisted of what is now divided between Germany and the modern Dutch <a href="Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Province of Limburg</a> (in 1713 largely ceded to <a href="Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_in_the_broader_Netherlands">Place in the broader Netherlands</h2></div>

<p>As they were very wealthy, the Netherlands in general were an important territory of the <a href="House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> crown which also ruled Spain and Austria among other places. But unlike the other Habsburg dominions, they were led by a merchant class. It was the merchant economy which made them wealthy, and the Habsburg attempts at increasing taxation to finance their wars<sup id="cite_ref-fn_1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major factor in the population’s (merchants') efforts to defend their privileges. This, added to resistance to penal laws enforced by the <a href="Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> that made <a href="Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> a <a href="Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital crime</a>, led to a general rebellion of the Netherlands against Habsburg rule towards 1570 (protests and hostilities started the <a href="Eighty_Years'_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1566</span>–1568). Although the northern seven provinces, led by <a href="Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, established their independence as the <a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> after 1581, the ten southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general <a href="Alexander_Farnese%2C_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>. Liège, Stavelot-Malmédy and Bouillon maintained their independence.

</p><p>The Habsburg Netherlands passed to the Austrian Habsburgs after the <a href="War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in 1714. Under Austrian rule, the ten provinces' defence of their privileges proved as troublesome to the reforming Emperor <a href="Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> as it had to his ancestor <a href="Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> two centuries earlier, leading to a major rebellion in 1789–1790. The Austrian Netherlands were ultimately lost to the <a href="French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary armies</a>, and annexed to France in 1794. Following the war, Austria's loss of the territories was confirmed, and they were joined with the northern Netherlands as a single kingdom under the <a href="House_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orange">House of Orange</a> at the 1815 <a href="Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. The southeastern third of Luxembourg Province was made into the autonomous Grand Duchy of <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, because it was claimed by both the Netherlands and Prussia.

</p><p>In 1830 the predominantly Roman Catholic southern half became independent as the <a href="Kingdom_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a> (the northern half being predominantly <a href="Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>). In 1839 the final border between the <a href="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">kingdom of the Netherlands</a> and Belgium was determined and the eastern part of Limburg went to the Netherlands as the <a href="Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">province of Limburg</a>. The autonomy of Luxembourg was recognised in 1839, but an instrument to that effect was not signed until 1867. The King of the Netherlands was Grand Duke of Luxembourg until 1890, when <a href="William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> was succeeded by his daughter, <a href="Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a> – but Luxembourg still followed the <a href="Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a> at the time, which forbade a woman to rule in her own right; so the union of the Dutch and Luxembourgish crowns then ended. The northwestern two-thirds of the original Luxembourg remains a province of Belgium.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></div>

<p>The <b><a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></b> (Dutch: <i>Spaanse Nederlanden</i>, Spanish: <i>Países Bajos españoles</i>) was a portion of the <a href="Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> controlled by <a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> from 1556 to 1714, inherited from the <a href="Dukes_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a>. Although the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the title of Duke of Burgundy and the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free <a href="County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">County of Burgundy</a> in the Holy Roman Empire. They often used the term Burgundy to refer to it (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Circle it was grouped into), until 1794, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic.

</p><p>When part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule and became the <a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> in 1581 the remainder of the area became known as the Spanish Netherlands and remained under Spanish control. This region comprised modern Belgium, Luxembourg as well as part of northern France.

</p><p>The Spanish Netherlands originally consisted of:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a>, including <a href="Walloon_Flanders" title="Walloon Flanders">Walloon Flanders</a></li>

<li><a href="County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">County of Artois</a></li>

<li>City of <a href="Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> (roughly the département <a href="Nord_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord (département)">Nord</a> and the northern half of <a href="Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> in modern France)</li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duchy of Limburg</a></li>

<li><a href="County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a></li>

<li><a href="County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">County of Namur</a></li>

<li><a href="Lordship_of_Mechelen" title="Lordship of Mechelen">Lordship of Mechelen</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn_2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (officially a county since 1490)</li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, including the <a href="Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">Margraviate of Antwerp</a></li>

<li>the <a href="Upper_Guelders" title="Upper Guelders">Upper Quarter</a> (<i>Bovenkwartier</i>) of the duchy of <a href="Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> (around <a href="Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> and <a href="Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a>, in the present province of Dutch <a href="Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, and the town of <a href="Geldern" title="Geldern">Geldern</a> in the present German district <a href="Kleve_(district)" title="Kleve (district)">Kleve</a>)</li></ul>

<p>The capital, <a href="Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, was in Brabant. In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels, which was under the government of King <a href="Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III's</a> half-sister <a href="Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain">Archduchess Isabella</a> and her husband, <a href="Archduke_Albert_of_Austria_(1559-1621)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Albert of Austria (1559-1621)">Archduke Albert of Austria</a>. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was <a href="Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>. Under the Archdukes, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence, and with Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633.

</p><p>The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the <a href="Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, and given the peculiar, inferior status of <i><a href="Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a></i> (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): <a href="Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a> (south of the river <a href="Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>), the present Dutch province of <a href="North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> (in the present Dutch province of Limburg).

</p><p>As Spanish power waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Spanish Netherlands was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the <a href="Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a> of 1659 the French annexed <a href="Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> while <a href="Dunkirk%2C_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkirk, France">Dunkirk</a> was ceded to the English. By the Treaties of <a href="Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Aix-la-Chapelle</a> (ending the <a href="War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a> in 1668) and <a href="Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> (ending the <a href="Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including <a href="Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, <a href="Walloon_Flanders" title="Walloon Flanders">Walloon Flanders</a> (the area around <a href="Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> and <a href="Orchies" title="Orchies">Orchies</a>), as well as <a href="French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">half of the county of Hainaut</a> (including <a href="Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>). Later, in the <a href="War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">War of the Reunions</a> and the <a href="Nine_Years'_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, France temporarily annexed other parts of the region that were returned in the 1697 <a href="Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austrian_Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></div>

<p>Under the <a href="Treaty_of_Rastatt" title="Treaty of Rastatt">Treaty of Rastatt</a> (1714), following the <a href="War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, what was left of the <a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> was ceded to Austria and thus became known as the <b>Austrian Netherlands</b> or <i>Belgium Austriacum</i>. However, the Austrians themselves generally had little interest in the region (aside from a short-lived attempt by Emperor <a href="Charles_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> to compete with British and Dutch trade through the <a href="Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a>), and the fortresses along the border (the <a href="Barrier_Treaty" title="Barrier Treaty">Barrier Fortresses</a>) were, by treaty, garrisoned with Dutch troops. The area had, in fact, been given to Austria largely at British and Dutch insistence, as these powers feared potential French domination of the region.

</p><p>Throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century, the principal foreign policy goal of the <a href="Habsburg-Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Lothringen">Habsburg</a> rulers was to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for <a href="Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, which would round out Habsburg possessions in southern Germany. In the 1757 <a href="Treaty_of_Versailles_(1757)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1757)">Treaty of Versailles</a>, Austria agreed to the creation of an independent state in the Southern Netherlands ruled by <a href="Philip%2C_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a> and garrisoned by French troops in exchange for French help in recovering <a href="Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. However the agreement was unimplemented and revoked by the <a href="Third_Treaty_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Treaty of Versailles">Third Treaty of Versailles</a> (1785) and Austrian rule continued.

</p><p>In 1784, its ruler, <a href="Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Joseph II</a>, took up the long-standing grudge of <a href="Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, whose once-flourishing trade was destroyed by the permanent closing of the <a href="Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>, and he demanded for the <a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> to open the river to navigation. However, his stance was far from militant, and he called off hostilities after the so-called <a href="Kettle_War" title="Kettle War">Kettle War</a>, so called because its only "casualty" was a kettle. Though Joseph secured in the <a href="Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1785)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1785)">1785 Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> that the territory's rulers would be compensated by the Dutch Republic for the continued closing the <a href="Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>, this failed to gain him much popularity.

</p><p>The people of the Austrian Netherlands rebelled against Austria in 1788 as a result of Joseph II's centralizing policies. The different provinces established the <a href="United_States_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of Belgium">United States of Belgium</a> (January 1790). However, waylaying Joseph's intended concessions to the Belgians to restore the height of their autonomy and privileges, Austrian imperial power had been restored by Joseph's brother and successor, <a href="Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a>, by the end of 1790.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_annexation">French annexation</h2></div>

<th colspan="9" style="font-size:130%;">History of the <a href="Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="6" style="background:#996600; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="Belgae" title="Belgae"><span style="color: white;">Belgae</span></a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cana–<br>nefates</a>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="Chamavi" title="Chamavi"><span style="color: white;">Chamavi</span></a>,<br><a href="Tubantes" title="Tubantes"><span style="color: white;">Tubantes</span></a>

</td>

<td colspan="5" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><a href="Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> <small>(55 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span> AD)</small><br><a href="Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> <small>(83–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><a href="Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks"><span style="color: white;">Salian Franks</span></a>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px"><a href="Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><i>unpopulated</i><br><small>(4th–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small>

</td>

<td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"><a href="Saxons#Netherlands" title="Saxons"><span style="color: white;">Saxons</span></a>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"><a href="Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a><br><small>(4th–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><a href="Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a><br><small> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th</span>–734)</small>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="6" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px"><a href="Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a> <small>(481–843)</small>—<a href="Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> <small>(800–843)</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="7" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"><a href="Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> <small>(511–687)</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> <small>(843–855)</small>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="West_Francia" title="West Francia">West<br>Francia</a><br><small>(843–)</small>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px"><a href="Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Kingdom of Lotharingia</a> <small>(855– 959)</small><br><a href="Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Duchy of Lower Lorraine</a> <small>(959–)</small>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="3" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><a href="Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisian<br>Freedom</a><br><small>(11–16th<br>century)</small>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of<br>Holland</a><br><small>(880–1432)</small>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht"><span class="nowrap">Bishopric of</span><br>Utrecht</a><br><small>(695–1456)</small>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of<br>Brabant</a><br><span class="nowrap"><small>(1183–1430)</small></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Duchy of<br>Guelders</a><br><small>(1046–1543)</small>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of<br>Flanders</a><br><small>(862–1384)</small>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br> <a href="County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of<br>Hainaut</a><br><span class="nowrap"><small>(1071–1432)</small></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">County of<br>Namur</a><br><small><span class="nowrap">(981–1421)</span></small>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">P.-Bish.<br>of Liège</a><br><br><small><span class="nowrap">(980–1794)</span></small>

</td>

<td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of<br>Luxem-<br>bourg</a><br><span class="nowrap"><small>(1059–1443)</small></span><br>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td colspan="6" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> <small>(1384–1482)</small>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td colspan="6" style="background:#efcccb; border:solid 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> <small>(1482–1795)</small><br>(<a href="Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> <small>after 1543</small>)

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a><br><small>(1581–1795)</small>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a><br><small>(1556–1714)</small>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a><br><small>(1714–1795)</small>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 1px 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="United_States_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of Belgium">United States of Belgium</a><br><small>(1790)</small>

</td>

<td style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Republic_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Republic of Liège">R. Liège</a><br><small>(1789–'91)</small>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> <small>(1795–1806)</small><br><a href="Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> <small>(1806–1810)</small>

</td>

<td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width:1px 1px 0 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><br>associated with <a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> <small>(1795–1804)</small><br>part of <a href="First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> <small>(1804–1815)</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Princip. of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1813–1815)</small>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="8" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1815–1830)</small>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1839–)</small>

</td>

<td colspan="4" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a> <small>(1830–)</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td style="background:#caf5f7; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Gr D. of<br>Luxem-<br>bourg</a><br><small>(1890–)</small>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>In the course of the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the entire region (including territories that were never under Habsburg rule, like the <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>) was overrun by <a href="First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French</a> armies after they won the <a href="Battle_of_Sprimont" title="Battle of Sprimont">Battle of Sprimont</a> in 1794. The territory was then annexed to the Republic (October 1, 1795).

</p><p>Only a minority of the population – mostly the local <a href="Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobins</a> and other members of "Societies of Friends of Liberty and Equality" in urban areas – supported the annexation. The majority were hostile to the French regime, above all because of the imposition of the <a href="Assignat" title="Assignat">assignat</a>, wholesale conscription, and the ferocious antireligious policies of the French revolutionaries. The opposition was first led by the Catholic clergy, which became an irreducible enemy of the French Republic after it dissolved convents and monasteries and confiscated ecclesiastical properties, ordered the separation of Church and State, shut down the <a href="Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Louvain</a> and other Catholic educational institutions, regulated church attendance and introduced divorce. In 1797, nearly 8000 priests refused to swear the newly introduced Oath of Hatred of Kings ("serment de haine à la royauté"), and went into hiding to escape arrest and deportation. The situation, particularly in the religious field, eased with the rise to power of Bonaparte in 1799, but soon, the intensification of conscription, the police state and the <a href="Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>, which brought ruin to <a href="Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> and Antwerp, reignited opposition to French rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitsch199273-75_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitsch199273-75-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that period Belgium was divided into nine <a href="D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a>: <a href="Deux-N%C3%A8thes" title="Deux-Nèthes">Deux-Nèthes</a>, <a href="Dyle_(department)" title="Dyle (department)">Dyle</a>, <a href="Escaut_(department)" title="Escaut (department)">Escaut</a>, <a href="For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">Forêts</a>, <a href="Jemmape_(department)" title="Jemmape (department)">Jemmape</a>, <a href="Lys_(department)" title="Lys (department)">Lys</a>, <a href="Meuse-Inf%C3%A9rieure" title="Meuse-Inférieure">Meuse-Inférieure</a>, <a href="Ourthe_(department)" title="Ourthe (department)">Ourthe</a> and <a href="Sambre-et-Meuse" title="Sambre-et-Meuse">Sambre-et-Meuse</a>.

</p><p><a href="Empire_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Austria">Austria</a> confirmed the loss of its territories by the <a href="Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>, in 1797.

</p><p>In anticipation of Napoleon's defeat in 1814, it was hotly debated inside Austrian ruling circles whether Austria should get the Southern Netherlands back or, in view of the experience gained after the War of the Spanish Succession about the difficulty of defending non contiguous possessions, whether she should not instead obtain contiguous territorial compensations in Northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKann1974229–230_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKann1974229–230-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter viewpoint won and the Congress of Vienna allotted the Southern Netherlands to the new <a href="United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. After the <a href="Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> of 1830, the region separated to become the independent Kingdom of <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Catholic Church in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="Catholic_Church_in_Belgium" title="Catholic Church in Belgium">in Belgium</a> and <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Luxembourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luxembourg">in Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands" title="List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands">List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_plenipotentiaries_of_Austrian_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of plenipotentiaries of Austrian Netherlands">List of plenipotentiaries of Austrian Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_of_Atrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Atrecht">Union of Atrecht</a> (Including map, 1579)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-foreign-names-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foreign-names_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Zuidelijke Nederlanden</i>; <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Países Bajos del Sur</i>; <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Pays-Bas méridionaux</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fn_1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn_1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The example of these expensive wars which is best known to English-speaking people is that of the <a href="Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>. However, that came in 1588, a little after the Dutch had become exasperated to the extent of signing the <a href="Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> in 1579.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fn_2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn_2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="Seignory" title="Seignory">seignory</a> comes closest to the concept of a <i><a href="Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">heerlijkheid</a></i>; there is no equivalent in English for the Dutch-language term. In its earliest history, Mechelen was a <i>heerlijkheid</i> of the <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Bishopric (later Prince-Bishopric) of Liège</a> that exercised its rights through the <a href="Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a> of <a href="St._Rumbold's_Cathedral" title="St. Rumbold's Cathedral">Saint Rumbold</a> though at the same time the Lords of Berthout and later the <a href="Dukes_of_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Brabant">Dukes of Brabant</a> also exercised or claimed separate feudal rights.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitsch199273-75-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitsch199273-75_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitsch1992">Bitsch 1992</a>, p. 73-75.</span>

</li>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBitsch1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bitsch, Marie-Thérèse (1992), <i>Histoire de la Belgique</i> (in French), Hatier, pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>75</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKann1974" class="citation cs2">Kann, Robert A. (1974), <i>A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918</i>, University of California Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">229–</span>230</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds. <i>History of the Low Countries</i> (2006) 504pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1845452720">excerpt and text search</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1379132?title=History%20of%20the%20Low%20Countries">complete edition online</a></li>

<li>Cammaerts, Émile. <i>A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day</i> (1921) 357 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VpeLyP6HWG0C&q=intitle:history+intitle:belgium">complete text online</a></li>

<li>Cook, Bernard A. <i>Belgium: a history</i>, 3rd ed. New York, 2004 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8204-5824-4</bdi></li>

<li>Kossmann, E. H. <i>The Low Countries 1780–1940</i> (1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198221088">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Netherlands" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgium_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Belgium_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <a href="Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></li>

<li><a href="Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_and_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War">Crisis of 1870</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_overseas_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian overseas colonies">Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Royal Question">Royal Question</a></li>

<li><a href="Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">State reform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Climate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belgium">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_points_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Belgium">Extreme points</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lakes_of_Belgium" title="List of lakes of Belgium">Lakes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_Belgium" title="List of mountains and hills in Belgium">Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Belgium" title="List of rivers of Belgium">Rivers</a></li>

<li><a href="Communities%2C_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Subdivisions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ministers_(Belgium)" title="Council of Ministers (Belgium)">Executive</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_Belgium" title="Human rights in Belgium">Human rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">enforcement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary_of_Belgium" title="Judiciary of Belgium">Judiciary</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_parties_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Belgium">Political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 financial crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Banking_in_Belgium" title="Banking in Belgium">Banking</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Central bank</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_Belgium" title="Tourism in Belgium">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_trade_unions_in_Belgium" title="List of trade unions in Belgium">Trade unions</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">Transport</a>

<li><a href="Science_and_technology_in_Belgium" title="Science and technology in Belgium">Science and technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_in_Belgium" title="Crime in Belgium">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_Belgium" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium">Honours</a></li>

<li><a href="Irreligion_in_Belgium" title="Irreligion in Belgium">Irreligion</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Belgium">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgians" title="Belgians">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution_in_Belgium" title="Prostitution in Belgium">Prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Religion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Culture_of_Belgium#Architecture" title="Culture of Belgium">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Comics</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Cuisine</a>

<li><a href="Belgian_waffle" title="Belgian waffle">waffle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_Belgium" title="Public holidays in Belgium">Public holidays</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Belgium" title="Sport in Belgium">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_Belgium" title="Television in Belgium">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belgium" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_Belgium" title="Outline of Belgium">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ABelgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Luxembourg_articles441" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Luxembourg_articles441" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Celtic_Luxembourg" title="Celtic Luxembourg">Celtic Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">Forêts</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_and_the_Belgian_Revolution" title="Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">First Treaty of London</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_of_1848_in_Luxembourg" title="Revolution of 1848 in Luxembourg">1848 Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_Crisis" title="Luxembourg Crisis">Luxembourg Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_London_(1867)" title="Treaty of London (1867)">Second Treaty of London</a></li>

<li><a href="German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">First World War</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Second World War</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">Occupation</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Luxembourg_(1984%E2%80%94present)" title="History of Luxembourg (1984—present)">Recent history</a></li>

<li><a href="Partitions_of_Luxembourg" title="Partitions of Luxembourg">Partitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupations_of_Luxembourg" title="Military occupations of Luxembourg">Military occupations</a></li>

<li><a href="Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_Luxembourg" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg">Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Jewish history</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_rail_transport_in_Luxembourg" title="History of rail transport in Luxembourg">Railway history</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_Luxembourg" title="Administrative divisions of Luxembourg">Administrative divisions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Districts_of_Luxembourg" title="Districts of Luxembourg">Districts</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Cantons</a></li>

<li><a href="Communes_of_Luxembourg" title="Communes of Luxembourg">Communes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_towns_in_Luxembourg" title="List of towns in Luxembourg">Towns</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quarters_of_Luxembourg_City" title="Quarters of Luxembourg City">quarters</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_points_of_Luxembourg" title="Extreme points of Luxembourg">Extreme points</a></li>

<li><a href="Guttland" title="Guttland">Guttland</a>

<ul><li><a href="Little_Switzerland_(Luxembourg)" title="Little Switzerland (Luxembourg)">Little Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg plateau">Luxembourg plateau</a></li>

<li><a href="Moselle_Valley" title="Moselle Valley">Moselle Valley</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Lands" title="Red Lands">Red Lands</a></li>

<li><a href="Valley_of_the_Seven_Castles" title="Valley of the Seven Castles">Valley of the Seven Castles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89islek" title="Éislek">Éislek</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of rivers of Luxembourg">Rivers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a>

<ul><li><a href="35th_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="35th Chamber of Deputies">Current members</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Government_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of Government of Luxembourg">Council of Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a></li>

<li><a href="Consultative_Assembly_(Luxembourg)" title="Consultative Assembly (Luxembourg)">Consultative Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Luxembourg" title="List of diplomatic missions of Luxembourg">Diplomatic missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBT_rights_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Luxembourg">LGBT rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Luxembourg">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Ducal_Police" title="Grand Ducal Police">Police</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Luxembourg" title="List of political parties in Luxembourg">Political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Prime Minister</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accountancy_in_Luxembourg" title="Accountancy in Luxembourg">Accountancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium%E2%80%93Luxembourg_Economic_Union" title="Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union">Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li>

<li><a href="Electricity_sector_in_Luxembourg" title="Electricity sector in Luxembourg">Electricity sector</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg's_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg's euro coins">Euro coins</a></li>

<li><a href="RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Steel</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_Stock_Exchange" title="Luxembourg Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_Luxembourg" title="Transport in Luxembourg">Transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="Demographics_of_Luxembourg" title="Demographics of Luxembourg">Demographics</a></li>

<li>Education</li>

<li><a href="Law_on_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="Law on euthanasia and assisted suicide">Euthanasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Social class</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_welfare_in_Luxembourg" title="Social welfare in Luxembourg">Social welfare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Cuisine</a>

<li><a href="Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="National_symbols_of_Luxembourg" title="National symbols of Luxembourg">National symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_newspapers_in_Luxembourg" title="List of newspapers in Luxembourg">Newspapers</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Luxembourg_(DRM)" title="Radio Luxembourg (DRM)">Radio Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="RTL_(Luxembourgian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL (Luxembourgian TV channel)">RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Luxembourg" title="Sport in Luxembourg">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Luxembourg" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ALuxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Netherlands_articles505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Netherlands_articles505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li>

<li><a href="Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li>

<li><a href="Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li>

<li><a href="Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li>

<li><a href="Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li>

<li><a href="County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Eighty_Years'_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li>

<li><a href="Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li>

<li><a href="European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li>

<li><a href="Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li>

<li><a href="Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a>

<li><a href="Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li>

<li><a href="Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li>

<li><a href="De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li>

<li><a href="Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a>

<li><a href="Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li>

<li><a href="Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li>

<li><a href="Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ANetherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Southern_Netherlands&oldid=1298868348">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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